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to increase democracy

  • 1 democracy

    n
    1) демократия; демократизм
    •

    to embrace multiparty democracy — вводить / устанавливать многопартийную демократию

    to recover / to restore democracy in a country — восстанавливать демократию в стране

    - all-round development of democracy
    - boost towards democracy
    - bourgeois democracy
    - broad democracy
    - broadening of democracy
    - budding democracy
    - cautious step towards democracy
    - consistent democracy
    - country's movement towards democracy
    - defense of democracy
    - demolition of democracy
    - dilution of local democracy
    - emerging democracy
    - fledgling democracy
    - fragile democracy
    - free and open democracy
    - fully-blown democracy
    - furtherance of democracy
    - genuine democracy
    - giant stride towards democracy
    - grassroots democracy
    - great campaigner for democracy
    - industrial democracies
    - industrialized democracies
    - inner-party democracy
    - lack of democracy
    - mature democracy
    - multiparty democracy
    - multiracial democracy
    - newly restored democracies
    - outbreak of democracy
    - participatory democracy
    - peaceful transition to democracy
    - political democracy
    - popular democracy
    - post-apartheid democracy
    - radical extension of democracy
    - real democracy
    - representative democracy
    - restoration of democracy
    - retreat from democracy
    - return to democracy
    - safeguards for democracy
    - Scandinavian-style socialist democracy
    - secular democracy
    - semblance of democracy
    - social democracy
    - street democracy
    - struggle for democracy
    - tarnished view of democracy
    - the country continues to be committed to democracy
    - trade-union democracy     - western-style democracy
    - world democracy

    Politics english-russian dictionary > democracy

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 avanzar

    v.
    1 to advance.
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    Mi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.
    Ricardo avanzó las ventas Richard advanced=promoted sales.
    2 to make progress.
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3 to pass (time).
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes quickly
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4 to move forward.
    El coche avanza lentamente The car moves forward slowly.
    * * *
    1 to advance, go forward
    1 (mover adelante) to advance, move forward
    2 (dinero) to advance
    3 (promover) to promote
    4 (una propuesta) to put forward
    1 (adelantarse) to go forward, advance; (día, noche) to draw in
    * * *
    verb
    1) to advance, move forward
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=mover) to move forward, advance

    avanzó la ficha cuatro casillas — he moved the counter forward four spaces, he advanced the counter four spaces

    2) [+ dinero] to advance
    3) [+ opinión, propuesta] to put forward
    4) [+ resultado] to predict; [+ predicción] to make
    5) Caribe (=vomitar) to vomit
    2. VI
    1) (=ir hacia adelante) to advance, move forward

    no me esperéis, seguid avanzando — don't wait for me, carry on

    2) (=progresar) to make progress
    3) [noche, invierno] to draw on, approach
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.
    Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.
    Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex. Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex. In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex. Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex. The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex. All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex. Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex. LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex. Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex. In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex. The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    ----
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.

    Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.

    Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex: Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex: In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex: Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex: The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex: All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex: However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex: Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex: Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex: In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex: The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.

    * * *
    avanzar [A4 ]
    vi
    1 «tropas/persona/tráfico» to advance, move forward avanzar HACIA algo:
    las tropas avanzan hacia la capital the troops are advancing on the capital
    el país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving o advancing toward(s) democracy
    2 ( Fot) «rollo» to wind on
    3 «persona» (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progress
    no estoy avanzando mucho con este trabajo I'm not making much progress o headway o I'm not getting very far with this work
    4 «tiempo» to draw on
    ■ avanzar
    vt
    1 (adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    avanzaron unos pasos they moved forward o advanced a few steps, they took a few steps forward
    2 (mover) to move … forward, advance
    avanzó un peón he moved o pushed a pawn forward, he advanced a pawn
    3 ‹propuesta› to put forward
    * * *

     

    avanzar ( conjugate avanzar) verbo intransitivo
    a) [persona/tráfico] to advance, move forward

    b) [ciencia/medicina] to advance

    c) [cinta/rollo] to wind on

    d) [ persona] (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress;

    [negociaciones/proyecto] to progress

    verbo transitivo

    b) ( mover) to move … forward, advance

    avanzar verbo transitivo to advance, make progress
    ' avanzar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sacudida
    - salto
    - tantear
    - adelantar
    English:
    advance
    - come forward
    - crawl
    - edge
    - freewheel
    - go forward
    - headway
    - move
    - move along
    - pace
    - proceed
    - progress
    - struggle along
    - struggle on
    - surge
    - wind
    - fast
    - head
    - hover
    - inch
    - lumber
    - scroll
    - somewhere
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [moverse] to advance;
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing;
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    2. [progresar] to make progress;
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies;
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3. [tiempo] to pass;
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes very quickly;
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4. [carrete] to wind on
    ♦ vt
    1. [adelantar] to move forward;
    las tropas avanzaron sus posiciones the troops advanced their position;
    avanzaron varias posiciones en la clasificación de liga they moved up several places in the league
    2. [noticias]
    avanzar algo a alguien to inform sb of sth in advance;
    les avanzó los resultados del estudio she informed them of the results of the study before it was published
    3. [carrete] to wind on
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 move forward, advance;
    avanzar un pie take a step forward
    2 dinero advance
    II v/i
    1 advance, move forward; MIL advance ( hacia on)
    2 en trabajo make progress
    * * *
    avanzar {21} v
    : to advance, to move forward
    * * *
    1. (progresar) to make progress / to get on
    2. (ir hacia delante) to advance / to move forward

    Spanish-English dictionary > avanzar

  • 4 agitación

    f.
    1 agitation, fuss, excitement, fluster.
    2 agitation, troublemaking, rebellion, insubordination.
    * * *
    1 agitation
    2 figurado excitement, restlessness
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de mano] waving, flapping; [de bebida] shaking, stirring; [de mar] roughness
    2) (Pol) agitation; (=bullicio) bustle, stir; (=intranquilidad) nervousness; (=emoción) excitement
    * * *
    a) (Pol) agitation
    b) ( nerviosismo) agitation
    c) (de calle, ciudad) bustle
    * * *
    = upheaval, agitation, turmoil, stir, shaking, convulsion, spin, restlessness.
    Ex. Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.
    Ex. Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.
    Ex. China has suffered from over a decade of turmoil which has prevented the development of modern information services.
    Ex. With all this stir on accountability, the process of evaluation needs objective guidelines.
    Ex. The shaking of an infant or child, can be devastating and result in irreversible brain damage, blindness, and even death.
    Ex. Spain's transition from dictatorship to pacific and stable democracy without producing major national convulsions is remarkable.
    Ex. In our media saturated world of high-blown hype and suffocating spin they do their best to tell you the truth.
    Ex. A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.
    ----
    * agitación política = political turmoil, political upheaval.
    * agitación social = social upheaval.
    * * *
    a) (Pol) agitation
    b) ( nerviosismo) agitation
    c) (de calle, ciudad) bustle
    * * *
    = upheaval, agitation, turmoil, stir, shaking, convulsion, spin, restlessness.

    Ex: Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.

    Ex: Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.
    Ex: China has suffered from over a decade of turmoil which has prevented the development of modern information services.
    Ex: With all this stir on accountability, the process of evaluation needs objective guidelines.
    Ex: The shaking of an infant or child, can be devastating and result in irreversible brain damage, blindness, and even death.
    Ex: Spain's transition from dictatorship to pacific and stable democracy without producing major national convulsions is remarkable.
    Ex: In our media saturated world of high-blown hype and suffocating spin they do their best to tell you the truth.
    Ex: A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.
    * agitación política = political turmoil, political upheaval.
    * agitación social = social upheaval.

    * * *
    1 ( Pol) agitation
    preocupados por la agitación reinante worried by the prevailing state of unrest
    2 (nerviosismo) agitation
    3 (de una calle, ciudad) bustle
    * * *

    agitación sustantivo femenino

    b) (de calle, ciudad) bustle

    agitación f (nerviosismo) restlessness
    (descontento social) unrest
    ' agitación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alborotar
    - convulsión
    - polvareda
    - torbellino
    - alboroto
    - alteración
    - conmoción
    - ebullición
    - movimiento
    English:
    agitation
    - excitement
    - ferment
    - flurry
    - upheaval
    * * *
    1. [intranquilidad] restlessness, agitation;
    respondió con agitación she answered agitatedly;
    el café le provoca agitación coffee makes him nervous
    2. [jaleo] racket, commotion
    3. [conflicto] unrest;
    la agitación estudiantil ha crecido there has been an increase in student unrest
    4. [del mar] choppiness
    * * *
    f POL unrest
    * * *
    agitación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : agitation
    2) nerviosismo: nervousness

    Spanish-English dictionary > agitación

  • 5 importante

    adj.
    1 important (destacado, significativo).
    2 considerable.
    3 significant, considerable, sizable.
    * * *
    1 (gen) important; (por su gravedad) serious; (por su cantidad) considerable
    2 (influyente) important
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=trascendental) [información, persona] important; [acontecimiento] significant, important; [papel, factor, parte] important, major; [cambio] significant, major

    un paso importante para la democracia — an important o a big o a major step for democracy

    • dárselas de importante — to give o.s. airs

    • lo importante es... — the main thing is...

    • poco importante — unimportant

    • es importante que — it is important that

    2) [como intensificador] [cantidad, pérdida] considerable; [herida] serious; [retraso] considerable, serious
    * * *
    a) <noticia/persona> important; <acontecimiento/cambio> important, significant

    ¿qué dice la carta? - nada importante — what does the letter say? - nothing of any importance o nothing much

    lo importante es... — the important thing is...

    dárselas de or hacerse el importante — to give oneself airs

    b) < pérdidas> serious, considerable; < daños> severe, considerable; < cantidad> considerable, significant
    * * *
    = considerable, important, major, notable, prominent, relevant, remarkable, significant, significantly, substantial, weighty, consequential, solid, acute, appreciable, major, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], key, meaningful, vital, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], of consequence, meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.], seminal.
    Ex. The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex. Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex. Classification is also prominent in the physical arrangement of documents.
    Ex. Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex. Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.
    Ex. With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex. The problem of their citation looms less significantly in abstracting and indexing products than that of the citation of periodical articles.
    Ex. This data base will eventually become a very substantial bibliographic data base.
    Ex. Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex. The democratisation of Russian intellectual life was one of the most consequential of the dramatic social and political changes that took place in Russia in the 1860s.
    Ex. There is no doubt that the ideas put forward by Coates and their implementation in BTI have been a solid step forward in the theory of alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex. Cannabis often shows no appreciable effects the first time it is taken.
    Ex. In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex. The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex. However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex. This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex. Each operator has a filing value which has been designate in order to ensure that terms appear in the index string in an order that will produce a meaningful set of index entries.
    Ex. The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.
    Ex. Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    Ex. We have the right and responsibility to make wise decisions in 'times of consequence'.
    Ex. We want Robyn to write about really meaty issues every week, instead of talking about spousal abuse.
    Ex. He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    ----
    * acontecimiento importante = milestone, red carpet event.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * continuar siendo importante = remain + big.
    * economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * evento importante = milestone.
    * hacer que sea importante = render + important.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * la parte más importante = the heart of.
    * llegar a un momento importante en + Posesivo + historia = reach + milestone.
    * lo más importante = most of all.
    * lo que es más importante = most importantly, more importantly, most of all, most important.
    * lo que es muy importante = importantly.
    * más importante = foremost.
    * más importante aun = more significantly.
    * menos importante, el = least, the.
    * muy importante = critical, very importantly, big time.
    * poco importante = small-time.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * sentirse importante = feel + important.
    * ser Algo muy importante = loom + large.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * ser importante = be of importance, be of consequence.
    * suceso importante = critical incident.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.
    * * *
    a) <noticia/persona> important; <acontecimiento/cambio> important, significant

    ¿qué dice la carta? - nada importante — what does the letter say? - nothing of any importance o nothing much

    lo importante es... — the important thing is...

    dárselas de or hacerse el importante — to give oneself airs

    b) < pérdidas> serious, considerable; < daños> severe, considerable; < cantidad> considerable, significant
    * * *
    = considerable, important, major, notable, prominent, relevant, remarkable, significant, significantly, substantial, weighty, consequential, solid, acute, appreciable, major, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], key, meaningful, vital, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], of consequence, meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.], seminal.

    Ex: The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.

    Ex: Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex: Classification is also prominent in the physical arrangement of documents.
    Ex: Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex: Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.
    Ex: With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex: The problem of their citation looms less significantly in abstracting and indexing products than that of the citation of periodical articles.
    Ex: This data base will eventually become a very substantial bibliographic data base.
    Ex: Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex: The democratisation of Russian intellectual life was one of the most consequential of the dramatic social and political changes that took place in Russia in the 1860s.
    Ex: There is no doubt that the ideas put forward by Coates and their implementation in BTI have been a solid step forward in the theory of alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex: Cannabis often shows no appreciable effects the first time it is taken.
    Ex: In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex: The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex: However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex: This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex: Each operator has a filing value which has been designate in order to ensure that terms appear in the index string in an order that will produce a meaningful set of index entries.
    Ex: The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    Ex: We have the right and responsibility to make wise decisions in 'times of consequence'.
    Ex: We want Robyn to write about really meaty issues every week, instead of talking about spousal abuse.
    Ex: He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    * acontecimiento importante = milestone, red carpet event.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * continuar siendo importante = remain + big.
    * economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * evento importante = milestone.
    * hacer que sea importante = render + important.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * la parte más importante = the heart of.
    * llegar a un momento importante en + Posesivo + historia = reach + milestone.
    * lo más importante = most of all.
    * lo que es más importante = most importantly, more importantly, most of all, most important.
    * lo que es muy importante = importantly.
    * más importante = foremost.
    * más importante aun = more significantly.
    * menos importante, el = least, the.
    * muy importante = critical, very importantly, big time.
    * poco importante = small-time.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * sentirse importante = feel + important.
    * ser Algo muy importante = loom + large.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * ser importante = be of importance, be of consequence.
    * suceso importante = critical incident.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.

    * * *
    1 ‹noticia/persona› important; ‹acontecimiento/cambio› important, significant
    tengo algo importante que decirte I have something important to tell you
    ¿qué dice la carta? — nada importante what does the letter say? — nothing of any importance o nothing much
    lo importante es participar the important thing is to take part
    es importante que vayas it's important that you go
    2 ‹pérdidas› serious, considerable; ‹cantidad› considerable, significant
    una importante suma de dinero a large o considerable o significant sum of money
    la tormenta causó importantes daños the storm caused severe o considerable damage
    un número importante de ciudadanos a significant o considerable o large number of citizens
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    algo importante    
    importante
    importante adjetivo
    a) ‹noticia/persona› important;

    ‹acontecimiento/cambio› important, significant;
    dárselas de or hacerse el importante to give oneself airs

    ‹ daños› severe, considerable;
    ‹ cantidad› considerable, significant
    importante adjetivo important, significant: un importante geólogo dará la conferencia, a noted geologist will give the lecture
    una cantidad importante, a considerable amount
    ' importante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bonita
    - bonito
    - categoría
    - ciudad
    - comodidad
    - consignar
    - cosa
    - cualquiera
    - despreciable
    - eje
    - eslabón
    - floricultura
    - gorda
    - gordo
    - historia
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - inmediatez
    - menos
    - nada
    - núcleo
    - opinar
    - personaje
    - pintar
    - poderosa
    - poderoso
    - reseñar
    - sabrosa
    - sabroso
    - salario
    - señalada
    - señalado
    - señor
    - suma
    - sustancial
    - sustantiva
    - sustantivo
    - tomo
    - viso
    - indiferente
    - notable
    - papel
    - parecer
    - personalidad
    - pez
    - que
    - trascendental
    - trascendente
    - un
    - visita
    English:
    amount to
    - appreciable
    - armory
    - armoury
    - assassin
    - assassination
    - big
    - consideration
    - depreciate
    - edit
    - flagship
    - grain
    - grand
    - great
    - head-hunt
    - high
    - if
    - important
    - increasingly
    - large
    - last
    - leading
    - least
    - major
    - mean
    - morality
    - prominent
    - significant
    - sponsor
    - thing
    - VIP
    - weighty
    - assassinate
    - come
    - considerable
    - feature
    - feel
    - first
    - foremost
    - name
    - priority
    - strongly
    - substantial
    * * *
    1. [destacado, significativo] important;
    el descontento está adquiriendo proporciones importantes dissatisfaction is becoming widespread;
    ocupa un cargo importante en el ministerio he has an important job at the ministry;
    ella es muy importante para mí she's very important to me;
    lo importante es hacerlo despacio the important thing is to do it slowly;
    no te preocupes, lo importante es que tengas buena salud don't worry, the most important thing is for you to be healthy;
    dárselas de importante, hacerse el/la importante to give oneself airs, to act all important
    2. [cantidad] considerable;
    [lesión] serious;
    una cantidad importante de dinero a significant o considerable sum of money;
    * * *
    adj important
    * * *
    : important
    * * *
    1. (en general) important
    2. (considerable) considerable

    Spanish-English dictionary > importante

  • 6 strengthen

    1. transitive verb
    (give power to) stärken; (reinforce, intensify, increase in number) verstärken; erhöhen [Anteil]; (make more effective) unterstützen

    strengthen somebody's resolve — jemanden in seinem Entschluss bestärken

    strengthen somebody's hand — (fig.) jemandes Position stärken

    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    see academic.ru/71361/strong">strong
    * * *
    strength·en
    [ˈstreŋ(k)θən]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \strengthen sth etw kräftigen [o stärken]; (fortify) etw befestigen [o verstärken]
    to \strengthen the defences [or AM defenses] die Abwehr verstärken
    to \strengthen one's muscles seine Muskeln kräftigen
    ▪ to \strengthen sth etw [ver]stärken; (intensify) etw intensivieren; (improve) etw verbessern
    security has been \strengthened die Sicherheitsvorkehrungen wurden verstärkt
    the economy has been \strengthened die Wirtschaftslage hat sich verbessert
    to \strengthen sb's belief/power jds Glauben/Macht stärken
    to \strengthen a currency eine Währung stabilisieren
    to \strengthen a democracy eine Demokratie stärken
    to \strengthen relations/ties Beziehungen/Bindungen festigen [o intensivieren
    3. (support)
    ▪ to \strengthen sb jdn bestärken
    ▪ to \strengthen sth etw untermauern
    to \strengthen the case for sth gute Gründe für etw akk beibringen [o ÖSTERR angeben
    4. CHEM
    ▪ to \strengthen sth etw anreichern
    5.
    ▶ to \strengthen one's grip on sth etw besser in den Griff bekommen
    ▶ to \strengthen sb's hand jdm mehr Macht geben
    the police want tougher laws to \strengthen their hand against drug traffickers die Polizei will härtere Gesetze, damit sie effizienter gegen Drogenhändler vorgehen kann
    II. vi
    1. (become stronger) stärker werden, erstarken geh; muscles kräftiger werden; wind auffrischen
    the wind \strengthened in the night der Wind hat über Nacht aufgefrischt
    2. FIN, STOCKEX (increase in value) stock market an Wert gewinnen; currency zulegen
    * * *
    ['streŋTən]
    1. vt
    stärken; material, shoes, building, grip, resolve also verstärken; eyesight verbessern; muscles, patient stärken, kräftigen; person (lit) Kraft geben (+dat); (fig) bestärken; currency, market festigen; effect vergrößern
    2. vi
    stärker werden; (wind, desire also) sich verstärken
    * * *
    strengthen [ˈstreŋθn; -ŋkθn]
    A v/t
    1. stärken, stark machen:
    strengthen sb’s hand fig obs jemandem Mut machen
    2. fig bestärken, bekräftigen
    3. verstärken ( auch ELEK, TECH), vermehren ( auch MATH)
    B v/i
    1. stark werden, erstarken
    2. sich verstärken, stärker werden
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    (give power to) stärken; (reinforce, intensify, increase in number) verstärken; erhöhen [Anteil]; (make more effective) unterstützen

    strengthen somebody's hand — (fig.) jemandes Position stärken

    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    v.
    bestärken v.
    sich verstärken v.
    stärken v.
    stärker werden ausdr.
    verstärken v.

    English-german dictionary > strengthen

  • 7 strengthen

    strength·en [ʼstreŋ(k)ɵən] vt
    to \strengthen sth etw kräftigen [o stärken]; ( fortify) etw befestigen [o verstärken];
    to \strengthen the defences [or (Am) defenses] die Abwehr verstärken;
    to \strengthen one's muscles seine Muskeln kräftigen
    2) ( increase)
    to \strengthen sth etw [ver]stärken;
    ( intensify) etw intensivieren;
    ( improve) etw verbessern;
    security has been \strengthened die Sicherheitsvorkehrungen wurden verstärkt;
    the economy has been \strengthened die Wirtschaftslage hat sich verbessert;
    to \strengthen sb's belief/ power jds Glauben/Macht stärken;
    to \strengthen a currency eine Währung stabilisieren;
    to \strengthen a democracy eine Demokratie stärken;
    to \strengthen relations/ ties Beziehungen/Bindungen festigen [o intensivieren];
    3) ( support)
    to \strengthen sb jdn bestärken;
    to \strengthen sth etw untermauern;
    to \strengthen the case for sth gute Gründe für etw akk beibringen
    PHRASES:
    to \strengthen one's grip on sth etw besser in den Griff bekommen;
    to \strengthen sb's hand jdm mehr Macht geben;
    the police want tougher laws to \strengthen their hand against drug traffickers die Polizei will härtere Gesetze, damit sie effizienter gegen Drogenhändler vorgehen kann vi
    1) ( become stronger) stärker werden, erstarken ( geh) muscles kräftiger werden; wind auffrischen;
    the wind \strengthened in the night der Wind hat über Nacht aufgefrischt
    2) fin, stockex ( increase in value) stock market an Wert gewinnen; currency zulegen

    English-German students dictionary > strengthen

  • 8 advance

    advance, US [transcription][-"v_ns"]
    A n
    1 ( forward movement) gen, Mil avance f (on sur) ; fig (of civilization, in science) progrès m ; with the advance of old age avec l'âge ; recent advances in medicine les progrès récents dans le domaine de la médecine ; a great advance for democracy un grand pas en avant pour la démocratie ;
    2 ( sum of money) avance f, acompte m (on sur) ; to ask for an advance on one's salary demander une avance sur son salaire ;
    3 ( increase) any advance on £100? ( at auction etc) cent livres, qui dit mieux?
    B advances npl ( overtures) ( sexual) avances fpl ; ( other contexts) démarches fpl ; to make advances to sb ( sexually) faire des avances à qn ; ( other contexts) faire des démarches auprès de qn.
    C in advance adv phr [book, reserve, notify, know] à l'avance ; [thank, pay, arrange, decide] à l'avance, d'avance ; a month in advance un mois à l'avance ; here's £30 in advance voici 30 livres d'avance or d'acompte ; you need to book your seats well in advance il faut réserver vos places longtemps à l'avance ; to send on luggage in advance envoyer des bagages à l'avance ; to send sb on in advance envoyer qn en avant.
    D in advance of adv phr avant [person] ; she arrived half an hour in advance of the others elle est arrivée une demi-heure avant les autres ; a thinker in advance of his time un penseur en avance sur son temps or qui devance son époque.
    E vtr
    1 ( move forward) faire avancer [tape, film, clock] ; Mil avancer [troops] ; ( in chess) avancer [piece] ; ( move to earlier date) avancer [time, date] (to à) ; fig ( improve) faire progresser, faire avancer [career, knowledge, research] ;
    2 ( promote) servir [cause, interests] ;
    3 ( put forward) avancer [theory, explanation etc] ;
    4 ( pay up front) avancer [sum] (to à).
    F vi
    1 ( move forward) [person] avancer, s'avancer (on, towards vers) ; Mil [army] avancer (on sur) ; [morning, evening] avancer ; the procession advanced down the aisle le cortège progressait le long de l'allée centrale ;
    2 ( progress) [person, society, civilization, knowledge, technique] progresser, faire des progrès ; to advance in one's career progresser dans sa carrière ;
    3 ( increase) [prices] augmenter, être en hausse ;
    4 sout ( be promoted) [employee] avoir une promotion.

    Big English-French dictionary > advance

  • 9 price

    1. noun
    1) (the amount of money for which a thing is or can be bought or sold; the cost: The price of the book was $10.) pris
    2) (what one must give up or suffer in order to gain something: Loss of freedom is often the price of success.) pris
    2. verb
    1) (to mark a price on: I haven't priced these articles yet.) prise, prismerke
    2) (to find out the price of: He went into the furniture shop to price the beds.) spørre om prisen
    •
    - pricey
    - at a price
    - beyond/without price
    pris
    --------
    vurdere
    I
    subst. \/praɪs\/
    1) pris (også overført)
    2) ( handel) kurs, notering
    3) odds
    4) ( gammeldags) verdi
    5) belønning, dusør
    above\/beyond\/without price som ikke kan betales med penger, uvurderlig
    ask the price of spørre om prisen på
    at a price ha sin pris
    at any price for enhver pris, koste hva det koste vil ( overført) for alt i verden
    at reduced prices til nedsatte priser
    cheap at the price pengene verdt, rimelig
    current price gjeldende pris, dagspris
    cut the price ( handel) presse prisen ned (i konkurranseøyemed)
    enhance the price of forøke verdien av, fordyre, gjøre dyrere
    every man has his price enhver har sin pris (dvs. kan bestikkes)
    flat price fast pris
    freeze prices innføre prisstopp, 'fryse' prisene
    have the price of something ha penger til noe
    inflated prices inflasjonspriser
    long price høy pris
    one pearl of great price ( bibelsk) en kostelig perle
    price floor laveste pris, bunnpris, minimumspris
    the price is flat prisen er presset ned
    the price of something prisen på noe, det noe koster
    • what is the price of...?
    hva er prisen på...?
    put a price on bestemme prisen på
    set\/put a price on a person's head sette en pris på noens hode (dvs. utlove en dusør til den som pågriper personen)
    starting prices odds umiddelbart før løpet begynner
    what price? ( hverdagslig) forklaring: brukt til å spørre om hva det er blitt til med noe eller til å antyde at noe er blitt eller vil bli forgjeves
    • what price democracy now?
    forklaring: brukt til å komme med et forslag eller spørre om sannsynligheten av at det blir noe av
    • what price fine weather on our holiday?
    II
    verb \/praɪs\/
    1) prise, prismerke, sette prislapp på
    2) fastsette prisen på
    3) vurdere i penger, vurdere verdien av
    4) ( handel) fakturere
    be priced at stå i, ligge på
    price oneself out of the market prise seg ut av markedet (dvs. miste kundene ved for høy prissetting)

    English-Norwegian dictionary > price

  • 10 exercice

    c black exercice [εgzεʀsis]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = travail d'entraînement) exercise
       b. ( = activité physique) l'exercice (physique) (physical) exercise
       c. ( = pratique) [de métier] practice
    • être en exercice [médecin] to be in practice ; [juge, fonctionnaire] to be in office
    c black   d. ( = période) year
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais se termine par -se.
    * * *
    ɛgzɛʀsis
    nom masculin
    1) ( d'entraînement) exercise
    2) ( activité physique) exercise

    dans l'exercice de ses fonctions — [soldat, policier] while on duty; [travailleur] while at work

    être en exercice — [fonctionnaire] to be in office; [médecin] to be in practice

    en exercice — [ministre, président] incumbent

    4) ( usage) exercise (de of)
    5) Armée ( instruction) drill
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɛɡzɛʀsis nm
    1) (mise en pratique) practice
    2) (= sport) exercise

    faire de l'exercice — to exercise, to do exercise

    3) MILITAIRE drill
    4) (= tâche, travail) exercise
    5) [métier, fonction] exercise

    en exercice (juge) — in office, (médecin) practising

    6) COMMERCE, ADMINISTRATION (= période) accounting period
    * * *
    1 ( d'entraînement) exercise; faire un exercice to do an exercise; exercice de grammaire/pour violon grammar/violin exercise; exercices de rééducation physiotherapy exercises; exercice de prononciation/d'orthographe pronunciation/spelling drill; c'est un exercice de démocratie it's an exercise in democracy; ça ne s'apprend qu'après un long exercice it takes years of practice;
    2 ( activité physique) exercise; faire de l'exercice to get some exercise; se donner de l'exercice to take exercise;
    3 ( activité professionnelle) avoir dix ans d'exercice [fonctionnaire] to have been working for 10 years; [professeur] to have been teaching for 10 years; [médecin, avocat] to have been practisingGB ou in practice for 10 years; poursuivi pour exercice illégal de la médecine prosecuted for practisingGB medicine illegally GB ou without a license US; dans l'exercice de ses fonctions [soldat, policier] while on duty; [travailleur] while at work; on leur interdit l'exercice de toute activité politique/commerciale they are forbidden to participate in any political/business activity; être en exercice [fonctionnaire] to be in office; [médecin] to be in practice; en exercice [ministre, président] incumbent; entrer en exercice to take up one's duties;
    4 ( usage) exercise (de of); renoncer à l'exercice du droit de réponse to give up one's right of reply;
    5 Mil ( instruction) drill; être à l'exercice to be at drill; faire faire l'exercice à des recrues to drill recruits;
    6 Fin ( période) exercice (financier) financial year; exercice en cours current year;
    7 Fisc ( contrôle) tax assessment by an excise officer.
    exercice d'application practical exercise; exercice budgétaire Admin, Compta financial year; exercice comptable Compta financial year; exercice du culte worship; exercice d'évacuation gén emergency evacuation exercise; ( en cas d'incendie) fire drill; exercice de tir shooting practice ¢ GB, target practice ¢; exercices structuraux Ling structure drills.
    [ɛgzɛrsis] nom masculin
    1. [mouvement] exercise
    exercices d'assouplissement/d'échauffement stretching/warm-up exercises
    2. [activité physique]
    faire de l'exercice to take exercise, to exercise
    5. [usage]
    l'exercice du pouvoir/d'un droit exercising power/a right
    ————————
    à l'exercice locution adverbiale
    en exercice locution adjectivale
    [député, juge] sitting
    [membre de comité] serving
    [avocat, médecin] practising
    être en exercice [diplomate, magistrat] to be in ou to hold office

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > exercice

  • 11 attack

    attack [ə'tæk]
    (a) (assault → physically) attaquer; (→ verbally) attaquer, s'attaquer à; Military attaquer, assaillir
    (b) (tackle) s'attaquer à;
    ∎ a campaign to attack racism une campagne pour combattre le racisme;
    ∎ she attacked the problem with enthusiasm elle s'est attaquée au problème avec enthousiasme
    (c) (of disease → person, organ) s'attaquer à, atteindre; (of rust → metal) attaquer, s'attaquer à, ronger; (of fear, doubts) assaillir;
    ∎ the disease mainly attacks the very young la maladie atteint essentiellement les très jeunes enfants;
    ∎ this apathy attacks the very roots of democracy cette apathie menace les racines mêmes de la démocratie
    attaquer
    3 noun
    (a) (gen) & Sport attaque f; Military attaque f, assaut m;
    ∎ attacks on old people are on the increase les agressions contre les personnes âgées sont de plus en plus nombreuses;
    ∎ to launch an attack on donner l'assaut à; (crime) lancer une opération contre; (problem, policy) s'attaquer à;
    ∎ to launch an attack on the enemy donner l'assaut à l'ennemi;
    ∎ yesterday the police launched an attack on petty theft in the area hier la police a lancé une opération contre les larcins dans le secteur;
    ∎ the newspaper launched an attack on government policy le journal s'est attaqué à la politique gouvernementale;
    ∎ the attack on her life failed l'attentat contre elle a échoué;
    ∎ the attack on drugs le combat contre la drogue;
    ∎ to return to the attack revenir à la charge;
    ∎ to go on the attack passer à l'attaque;
    ∎ the infantry was under attack l'infanterie subissait un assaut ou était attaquée;
    ∎ to come under attack être en butte aux attaques;
    ∎ she felt as though she were under attack elle s'est sentie agressée;
    ∎ to leave oneself wide open to attack prêter le flanc à la critique;
    ∎ attack is the best form of defence l'attaque est la meilleure forme de défense
    (b) (of illness) crise f;
    ∎ an attack of malaria/nerves une crise de paludisme/de nerfs;
    ∎ an attack of fever un accès de fièvre;
    ∎ to have an attack of the shakes être pris de tremblements;
    ∎ to have an attack of giddiness être pris de vertiges;
    ∎ an attack of self-doubt une crise de doute
    (c) Music attaque f

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > attack

  • 12 push

    push [pʊʃ]
    poussée ⇒ 1 (a) mot d'encouragement ⇒ 1 (b) effort ⇒ 1 (e) pousser ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (d), 3 (a) enfoncer ⇒ 2 (a) appuyer (sur) ⇒ 2 (b), 3 (b) forcer ⇒ 2 (d) prôner ⇒ 2 (e) avancer ⇒ 3 (c)
    1 noun
    (a) (shove) poussée f;
    ∎ to give sb/sth a push pousser qn/qch;
    ∎ the door opens at the push of a button il suffit d'appuyer sur un bouton pour que la porte s'ouvre;
    ∎ he expects these things to happen at the push of a button il s'attend à ce que ça se fasse sur commande
    (b) (encouragement) mot m d'encouragement;
    ∎ he'll do it, but he needs a little push il le fera, mais il a besoin qu'on le pousse un peu;
    ∎ he just needs a push in the right direction il a juste besoin qu'on le mette sur la bonne voie
    ∎ he got the push (from job) il s'est fait virer; (from relationship) il s'est fait plaquer
    ∎ when it comes to the push, when push comes to shove au moment critique ou crucial□ ;
    ∎ I can lend you the money if it comes to the push au pire, je pourrai vous prêter l'argent□ ;
    ∎ if it comes to the push, he'll choose Sarah not Gillian s'il fallait qu'il choisisse, il prendrait Sarah et pas Gillian□ ;
    ∎ at a push à la limite□ ;
    ∎ I can do it at a push je peux le faire si c'est vraiment nécessaire□
    (e) (effort) effort m, coup m de collier; (campaign) campagne f;
    ∎ the final push for the summit le dernier effort pour atteindre le sommet;
    ∎ to make a push for change lutter pour le changement;
    ∎ the club's push for promotion les efforts soutenus du club pour être promu;
    ∎ a sales push une campagne de promotion des ventes;
    ∎ the push towards protectionism is gathering strength la tendance au protectionnisme se renforce
    (f) Military (advance) poussée f;
    ∎ the platoon made a push to capture the airfield la section a fait une poussée pour s'emparer de l'aérodrome
    (g) (drive, dynamism) dynamisme m;
    ∎ he has a lot of push il est très dynamique
    (h) (billiards) coup m queuté
    (i) Australian familiar (gang) bande f, clique f
    (a) (shove, propel) pousser; (thrust) enfoncer;
    ∎ she pushed the door open/shut elle ouvrit/ferma la porte (en la poussant);
    ∎ he pushed her onto the chair/into the room il la poussa sur la chaise/(pour la faire entrer) dans la pièce;
    ∎ to push sb into a corner acculer qn;
    ∎ to push sb out of the way écarter qn;
    ∎ don't push (me)! ne (me) poussez pas!, ne (me) bousculez pas!;
    ∎ a man was pushed out of the window quelqu'un a poussé un homme par la fenêtre;
    ∎ figurative did he fall or was he pushed? il est tombé ou on l'a poussé?;
    ∎ did he leave or was he pushed? (from job) il est parti de lui-même ou on l'y a poussé?;
    ∎ push all that mess under the bed pousse tout ce bazar sous le lit;
    ∎ he pushed the branches apart il a écarté les branches;
    ∎ she pushed her way to the bar elle se fraya un chemin jusqu'au bar;
    ∎ push one tube into the other enfoncez un tube dans l'autre;
    ∎ he pushed a gun into my ribs il m'enfonça un revolver dans les côtes;
    ∎ she pushed the cork into the bottle elle enfonça le bouchon dans la bouteille;
    ∎ he pushed his hands into his pockets il enfonça ses mains dans ses poches;
    ∎ to push an attack home pousser à fond une attaque;
    ∎ to push home one's advantage tirer le meilleur parti possible de son avantage
    (b) (press → doorbell, pedal, button) appuyer sur
    ∎ it will push inflation upwards cela va relancer l'inflation;
    ∎ the crisis is pushing the country towards chaos la crise entraîne le pays vers le chaos;
    ∎ he is pushing the party to the right il fait glisser le parti vers la droite;
    ∎ buying the car will push us even further into debt en achetant cette voiture, nous allons nous endetter encore plus;
    ∎ economic conditions have pushed the peasants off the land les paysans ont été chassés des campagnes par les conditions économiques
    (d) (pressurize) pousser; (force) forcer, obliger, contraindre;
    ∎ to push sb to do sth pousser qn à faire qch;
    ∎ to push sb into doing sth forcer ou obliger qn à faire qch;
    ∎ his parents pushed him to become a doctor ses parents l'ont poussé à devenir médecin;
    ∎ her teacher pushed her in Latin son professeur l'a poussée à travailler en latin;
    ∎ he needs pushing il faut toujours le pousser;
    ∎ their coach doesn't push them hard enough leur entraîneur ne les pousse pas assez;
    ∎ I like to push myself hard j'aime me donner à fond;
    ∎ he pushed the car to its limits il a poussé la voiture à la limite de ses possibilités;
    ∎ you're still weak, so don't push yourself tu es encore faible, vas-y doucement;
    ∎ he won't do it if he's pushed too hard il ne le fera pas si l'on insiste trop;
    ∎ don't push him too far ne le poussez pas à bout;
    ∎ I won't be pushed, I need time to think it over! je ne me laisserai pas bousculer, j'ai besoin de temps pour y réfléchir!;
    ∎ when I pushed her, she admitted it quand j'ai insisté, elle a avoué;
    ∎ he keeps pushing me for the rent il me relance sans cesse au sujet du loyer;
    ∎ familiar don't push your luck! n'exagère pas!
    (e) (advocate, argue for → idea, method) prôner, préconiser; (promote → product) promouvoir;
    ∎ he's trying to push his own point of view il essaie d'imposer son point de vue personnel;
    ∎ the mayor is pushing his town as the best site for the conference le maire présente sa ville comme le meilleur endroit pour tenir la conférence;
    ∎ the government is pushing the idea of people setting up small businesses le gouvernement favorise la création de petites entreprises;
    ∎ he's pushing himself as a compromise candidate il se présente comme le candidat du compromis;
    ∎ there are so many adverts pushing beauty products il y a tellement de publicités pour des produits de beauté
    (f) (stretch, exaggerate → argument, case) présenter avec insistance, insister sur;
    ∎ if we push the comparison a little further si on pousse la comparaison un peu plus loin;
    ∎ familiar that's pushing it a bit! (going too far) c'est un peu exagéré!;
    ∎ I'll try to arrive by 7 p.m. but it's pushing it a bit je tâcherai d'arriver à 19 heures, mais ça va être juste□
    (g) familiar (sell → drugs) revendre□, dealer
    ∎ to be pushing thirty friser la trentaine;
    ∎ the car was pushing 100 mph ≃ la voiture frisait les 160
    ∎ to push shares placer des valeurs douteuses
    (a) (shove) pousser;
    ∎ to push against sth pousser qch;
    ∎ no pushing please! ne poussez pas, s'il vous plaît!;
    ∎ push (on door) poussez;
    ∎ people were pushing to get in les gens se bousculaient pour entrer;
    ∎ he pushed through the crowd to the bar il s'est frayé un chemin jusqu'au bar à travers la foule;
    ∎ somebody pushed past me quelqu'un est passé en me bousculant;
    ∎ we'll have to get out and push il va falloir descendre pousser
    (b) (press → on button, bell, knob) appuyer
    (c) (advance) avancer;
    ∎ the army pushed towards the border l'armée a avancé jusqu'à la frontière;
    ∎ the country is pushing towards democracy le pays évolue vers la démocratie
    (d) (extend → path, fence) s'étendre;
    ∎ the road pushed deep into the hills la route s'enfonçait dans les collines
    ►► push button bouton-poussoir m;
    Commerce push money prime f au vendeur;
    Marketing push strategy stratégie f push;
    push stroke (in billiards, snooker) coup m queuté;
    Computing push technology technologie f du push de données
    (a) (physically) malmener;
    ∎ he didn't hit her but he was pushing her about il ne l'a pas frappée mais il la malmenait
    (b) familiar (bully) marcher sur les pieds à;
    ∎ I won't be pushed about! je ne vais pas me laisser marcher sur les pieds!
    (a) (continue) continuer, persévérer;
    ∎ to push ahead with the work poursuivre les travaux;
    ∎ they decided to push ahead with the plans to extend the school ils ont décidé d'activer les projets d'extension de l'école
    (b) (advance) avancer, progresser ( with dans);
    ∎ research is pushing ahead les recherches avancent
    (trolley, pram) pousser (devant soi)
    familiar (leave) filer;
    ∎ I'll be pushing along now bon, il est temps que je file
    (a) (objects) pousser, écarter
    (b) (reject → proposal) écarter, rejeter;
    ∎ issues which have been pushed aside des questions qui ont été volontairement écartées;
    ∎ you can't just push aside the problem like that vous ne pouvez pas faire comme si le problème n'existait pas;
    ∎ I pushed my doubts aside je n'ai pas tenu compte de mes doutes
    repousser;
    ∎ she pushed my hand away elle repoussa ma main;
    ∎ he pushed his chair away from the fire il éloigna sa chaise du feu
    (a) (person) repousser (en arrière); (crowd) faire reculer, refouler; (curtains) écarter; (bedclothes) rejeter, repousser;
    ∎ he pushed me back from the door il m'a éloigné de la porte
    (b) (repulse → troops) repousser;
    ∎ the enemy was pushed back ten miles/to the river l'ennemi a été repoussé d'une quinzaine de kilomètres/jusqu'à la rivière
    (c) (postpone) repousser;
    ∎ the meeting has been pushed back to Friday la réunion a été repoussée à vendredi
    (a) (lever, handle, switch) abaisser; (pedal) appuyer sur;
    ∎ she pushed the clothes down in the bag elle a tassé les vêtements dans le sac;
    ∎ he pushed down the lid but it wouldn't shut il a appuyé sur le couvercle mais il ne voulait pas fermer
    (b) (knock over) renverser, faire tomber
    (c) (prices) faire baisser
    (pedal, lever) s'abaisser; (person → on pedal, lever) appuyer (on sur)
    (argue for) demander; (campaign for) faire campagne pour;
    ∎ some ministers were pushing for more monetarist policies certains ministres demandaient une politique plus monétariste;
    ∎ to push for a 35-hour week demander la semaine de 35 heures;
    ∎ I'm going to push for a bigger budget je vais faire tout ce qui est en mon pouvoir pour obtenir un budget plus important;
    ∎ the unions are pushing for 10 percent les syndicats font pression pour obtenir 10 pour cent;
    ∎ to push for a decision exiger qu'une décision soit prise
    pousser (en avant);
    ∎ he was pushed forward by the crowd la foule l'a poussé en avant;
    ∎ figurative to push oneself forward se mettre en avant, se faire valoir
    (a) (advance → person, car) avancer; (→ crowd, herd) se presser en avant
    ➲ push in
    (a) (drawer) pousser; (electric plug, key) enfoncer, introduire; (disk) insérer; (knife, stake, spade) enfoncer; (button, switch) appuyer sur;
    ∎ push the button right in appuyer à fond sur le bouton
    ∎ they pushed me in the water ils m'ont poussé dans l'eau;
    ∎ he opened the door and pushed me in il ouvrit la porte et me poussa à l'intérieur
    (c) (break down → panel, cardboard) enfoncer;
    ∎ the door had been pushed in la porte avait été enfoncée
    ∎ no pushing in! faites la queue!;
    ∎ she's always pushing in where she's not wanted il faut toujours qu'elle s'immisce ou s'impose là où on ne veut pas d'elle
    (a) (knock off) faire tomber;
    ∎ they pushed me off the ladder ils m'ont fait tomber de l'échelle;
    ∎ I pushed him off the chair je l'ai fait tomber de sa chaise
    (b) (boat) déborder
    (c) (remove) pousser;
    ∎ push the lid off soulève le couvercle;
    ∎ they tried to push her (car) off the road ils ont essayé de faire sortir sa voiture de la route;
    ∎ to push sb off a committee exclure ou écarter qn d'un comité
    (a) familiar (go away) filer, mettre les bouts;
    ∎ time for me to push off il faut que je file;
    ∎ push off! de l'air!, dégage!
    (b) (in boat) pousser au large
    ➲ push on
    ∎ (urge on) to push sb on to do sth pousser ou inciter qn à faire qch
    (on journey → set off again) reprendre la route, se remettre en route; (→ continue) poursuivre ou continuer son chemin; (keep working) continuer, persévérer;
    ∎ let's push on to Dundee poussons jusqu'à Dundee;
    ∎ they're pushing on with the reforms ils poursuivent leurs efforts pour faire passer les réformes
    (a) (person, object) pousser dehors;
    ∎ they pushed the car out of the mud ils ont désembourbé la voiture en la poussant;
    ∎ the bed had been pushed out from the wall le lit avait été écarté du mur;
    ∎ to push one's way out se frayer un chemin vers la sortie;
    ∎ to push the boat out déborder l'embarcation; figurative faire la fête
    (b) (stick out → hand, leg) tendre
    (c) (grow → roots, shoots) faire, produire
    (d) (oust) évincer; (dismiss from job) mettre à la porte;
    ∎ we've been pushed out of the Japanese market nous avons été évincés du marché japonais
    (e) familiar (churn out → articles, books) produire à la chaîne□, pondre en série□
    (appear → roots, leaves) pousser; (→ snowdrops, tulips) pointer
    (a) (pass → across table, floor) pousser;
    ∎ he pushed the book over to me il poussa le livre vers moi
    (b) (knock over) faire tomber, renverser; (from ledge, bridge) pousser, faire tomber;
    ∎ many cars had been pushed over onto their sides beaucoup de voitures avaient été renversées sur le côté
    (a) (project, decision) faire accepter; (deal) conclure; (bill, budget) réussir à faire voter ou passer
    (b) (thrust → needle) passer;
    ∎ she eventually managed to push her way through (the crowd) elle réussit finalement à se frayer un chemin (à travers la foule)
    (car, person) se frayer un chemin; (troops, army) avancer
    (door, drawer) fermer
    (a) (push upwards → handle, lever) remonter, relever; (→ sleeves) remonter, retrousser;
    ∎ familiar he's pushing up (the) daisies il mange les pissenlits par la racine
    (b) (increase → taxes, sales, demand) augmenter; (→ prices, costs, statistics) faire monter;
    ∎ the effect will be to push interest rates up cela aura pour effet de faire grimper les taux d'intérêt

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > push

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